Key laws that establish legal grounds of restrictions
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Federal Law № 281-FZ of December 30, 2006, ‘On Special Economic Measures and Coercive Actions’ as revised on 01.05.2019
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Measures:
- Suspension/restriction of economic and technical support programmes, as well as military-technical cooperation
- Prohibition/restriction of financial interactions
- Prohibition/restriction of foreign economic operations
- Termination/suspension of international trade agreements and other international agreements of the Russian Federation on foreign economic relations
- Changes in customs duties (export and/or import)
- Prohibition/restriction of vessels to enter the ports of the Russian Federation; to use the airspace of the Russian Federation or its individual regions
- Restrictions on tourist activities
- Prohibition or refusal to participate in international scientific and scientific-technical programmes and projects, scientific and scientific-technical programs and projects of a foreign state.
Groups:
- Public and local authorities
- Organisations and natural persons under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation
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Special economic measures should not be more restrictive than is necessary to remedy the circumstances that caused their application.
Coercive measures are collective measures aimed at preventing and removing threats to peace and suppressing acts of aggression or other violations of peace and the introduction, modification, suspension or cancellation of which are provided by resolutions of the United Nations Security Council.
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Federal Law № 390-FZ of December 28, 2010, ‘On Security’
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The President of the Russian Federation specifies key state policy directions in security.
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The law determines government powers and state security principles, public security, eco security, human security, and other types of security provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
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Federal Law № 115-FZ of August 7, 2001, ‘On Countering the Legislation (Laundering) of Criminally Obtained Incomes and the Financing of Terrorism’ as revised on 16.04.2022
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Measures:
Blocking bank accounts and suspending account transactions
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Transactions over 600 000 rubles and real estate transactions over 3 000 000 rubles are subject to control
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Federal Law № 272-FZ of December 28, 2012, ‘On Measures to Influence Persons Involved in Violations of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms, Rights and Freedoms of Citizens of the Russian Federation’ (Dima Yakovlev Law) as revised on 15.03.2022
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A list of possible measures:
- Travel ban
- Asset seizure
- Suspension of property and investments transactions
- A ban on adoption of Russian orphans
Groups - foreign citizens and stateless persons:
- involved in violations of human rights and freedoms
- committed crimes against Russian citizens who are abroad
- endowed with state powers and encouraged the discharge of liability of persons who committed crimes against citizens of the Russian Federation
- involved in abduction and false imprisonment of citizens of the Russian Federation
- returned unjustified and unfair verdicts against citizens of the Russian Federation
- carrying out unjustified prosecution of citizens of the Russian Federation
- made unjustified decisions that violated the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and organizations of the Russian Federation
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The law was a retaliatory measure to the ‘Magnitsky Law’ adopted by the US and affected only US citizens. In March 2022 the law was extended to all foreign citizens and stateless persons
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Federal Law № 127-FZ of June 4, 2018, ‘On Measures to Influence (Countermeasures) Unfriendly Actions of the United States of America and Other Foreign States’
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Measures:
- Termination or suspension of international cooperation
- Prohibition or restriction on products and (or) raw materials import into the territory of the Russian Federation
- Prohibition or restriction on products and (or) raw materials export from the territory of the Russian Federation
- Prohibition or restriction on the performance of works, provision of services to meet government and municipal needs, as well as needs of certain types of legal entities
- Prohibition or restriction on participation in the privatization of government or municipal property
- Other measures following the decision of the President of the Russian Federation.
Groups - Russian Federation and Russian legal entities applicable to relations with:
- organisations in unfriendly foreign jurisdictions, directly or indirectly regulated by unfriendly foreign countries or affiliated with them
- citizens of unfriendly foreign countries
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The measures (countermeasures) are introduced by the Government of the Russian Federation by the decision of the President of the Russian Federation
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Acts that impose restrictive measures directly
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Presidential Decree № 79 of February 28, 2022, ‘On imposing special economic measures in connection with unfriendly actions of the United States of America and the foreign states and the international organizations which adjoined them’
See the Official Interpretation of the Central Bank of Russia № 2-OR of March 18, 2022
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From March 1, 2022, Russian residents cannot be provided with foreign currency under loan agreements on behalf of non-residents (any countries). At the same time, according to the interpretation of the Central Bank, this ban does not apply to the conclusion of agreements on changing the terms (restructuring) of loans that were granted before March 1, 2022
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Presidential Decree № 81 of March 1, 2022, ‘On additional temporary economic measures to ensure financial stability of the Russian Federation’
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Measures:
Provision of credits and loans in rubles is fulfilled with the permission of the Government Commission on Monitoring Foreign Investment in the Russian Federation
Groups - residents of the Russian Federation in relations to transactions with:
- persons registered or having citizenship in unfriendly countries
- persons conducting business in unfriendly countries
- persons primarily gaining profits in unfriendly countries
- other persons "associated with unfriendly countries"
- persons controlled by the listed persons, regardless of their place of registration and activity
The ban does not apply to foreign citizen under control of Russian citizens if such control is disclosed to the tax authorities.
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Presidential Decree № 95 of March 5, 2022, ‘On temporary procedures fulfillment before certain foreign lenders’
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Payments of Russian organizations on credits and loans, financial instruments to foreign creditors from countries committing unfriendly actions against Russia, from March 1, must be made in rubles to a special account opened at request of the debtor in a Russian bank or Central Depository in the name of a foreign lender (account type "C").
This procedure applies to the fulfilment of obligations in an amount exceeding 10 m rubles per calendar month, or in an amount exceeding the equivalent of this amount in foreign currency at the official exchange rate of the Central Bank of Russia fixed on the 1st day of each month. At the same time, the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance have been given the authority to make exceptions by issuing special permits to Russian debtors.
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Government Executive Order № 430-r of March 5, 2022 ‘On approving a list of foreign countries and territories that commit unfriendly actions against Russia, Russian companies and citizens’
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The list of unfriendly countries includes Australia, Albania, Andorra, Great Britain, including Jersey, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, European Union member states, Iceland, Canada, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, San Marino, North Macedonia, Singapore, USA, Taiwan, Ukraine, Montenegro, Switzerland, Japan.
This list does not include Guernsey, Hong Kong, Israel, Cayman Islands.
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Has been adopted pursuant to the Presidential Decree № 95 of March 5, 2022
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Presidential Decree № 126 of March 18, 2022, ‘On temporary economic measures to ensure financial stability of the Russian Federation in the field of foreign exchange regulation’
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The Central Bank of Russia is authorized to determine the amount of prepayment or advance payment in favor of non-residents, as well as the amounts of transfers from Russian bank accounts to non-residents.
Until December 31, 2022, it is prohibited to make transactions without permission of the Central Bank of Russia:
- for payment by a resident of a share, deposit, property share (authorized or contributed capital, cooperative unit fund) of a non–resident legal entity;
- on an instalment by a resident to a non-resident within a simple partnership agreement with investment in the form of capital investments (a joint venture agreement).
Transfers in foreign currency abroad to branches, representative offices and employees of resident legal entities are allowed.
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Government Executive Order № 295 of March 6, 2022, ‘On approval of the rules for issuing permits by the Government Commission Monitoring Foreign Investment in the Russian Federation to make (perform) transactions (operations) by residents with foreign persons to implement additional temporary economic measures to ensure the financial stability of the Russian Federation and amendments to the regulations on Government Commission on Monitoring Foreign Investment in the Russian Federation’
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The Decree № 81 of March 01, 2022, approves the procedure of issuing permits by the Government Commission on Monitoring Foreign Investment in the Russian Federation for performing a number of transactions, including provision of ruble credits and loans by residents, entailing ownership rights to securities and real estate, operations on foreign currency loans and the foreign currency transfers to the foreign accounts of residents
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Presidential Decree № 126 of March 18, 2022, ‘On temporary economic measures to ensure financial stability of the Russian Federation in the field of foreign exchange regulation’
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Until December 31, 2022, residents cannot make capital contributions / partnership investments to non-residents without the permission of the Central Bank of Russia.
By March 28, the Central Bank will determine the list of contract types for which advances and prepayments from residents to non-residents will be prohibited, and the amounts of allowed advances and prepayments.
Resident companies can transfer foreign currency to their foreign representative offices and branches.
The ban on transactions of a resident with unfriendly persons applies both to the acquisition of securities and real estate, and to their alienation.
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Decree № 250 of May 1, 2022, ‘On Additional Measures of Ensuring Information Security of the Russian Federation’
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Strategic enterprises and legal entities – subjects of the critical information structure of the Russian Federation are obliged to ensure the security of their information resources.
From January 1, 2025, it is prohibited to use information security tools developed in unfriendly countries.
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Presidential Decree № 252 of May 3, 2022, ‘On Implementing Retaliatory Measures Due to Unfriendly Actions Certain Foreign Countries and International Organizations’
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Measures:
- A ban on making transactions (including concluding foreign trade contracts) with persons under sanctions
- To fulfil obligations to persons under sanctions, under completed transactions, if the obligations are not fulfilled or fulfilled partially
- To perform financial transactions, the profits of which are received by persons under sanctions
- A ban on products and raw materials export outside Russia, the production and extraction of which are performed in the country, if they are supplied in favour of persons under sanctions, or by persons under sanctions — in favour of third parties
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The Central Bank of Russia has been granted the right to give official explanations on this issue.
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Presidential Decree № 254 of May 4, 2022, ‘On temporary financial obligations fulfillment before certain foreign lenders in the field of corporate relations’
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Measures:
Dividends are paid to citizens of unfriendly countries in rubles in accordance with the procedure established by the Presidential Decree № 95 of March 1, 2022
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